Alan Mulally Ford Motor Company Free Essays

The content of this paper is to outline the roles of leadership and how it affects organizational performance. It then discusses the role of Allan Mulally’s, CEO of Ford Motor Company, leadership style. The paper also presents how Mulally’s decision to set a goal increased the company’s performance and mentioning how Allan Mulally’s openness has gained him trust and helped him to reach his goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Alan Mulally Ford Motor Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally, my point of view on the impact of Mulally’s leadership style and how it effects the organization. Leadership is guiding people toward productive results to achieve the goals of the organization. An effective leader has the ability to motivate and influence others. Leadership influences organizational performance depending on the level to which the leader enables managers and team leaders to plan, organize, control, and act effectively. By accepting authority, responsibility, and accountability, managers can confidently face though situations that require decisions made. Faced with an overwhelmingly complex situation, Alan Mulally has been brought in as Ford Motor Company’s new president and CEO. As diverse global dynamics confront the company and competitive pressures continue to build, he has the challenging task of improving Ford’s brand image and returning the company to profitability. Mulally has invited your consulting firm to advise his management team on restoring the company’s reputation and viability. Leaders significantly influence organization’s success, they must have the ability to develop new ideas, use that idea to set goals, and develop ways to achieve those goals. They must have aspiration to build vision, values, and goals, in order to accomplish great performance. Leaders have the talent to influence other people in order to have them follow him or her and have the ability to motivate the employees. They need to be able to be flexible to changes in its environment like demands, expectations, and pressure. A good leader builds trust, develop opportunities for the employees grow, get them encouraged, listen to employees, and bring up the best of them. By valuing and respecting cultural differences at work, leaders may avoid the negative stereotypes that can affect the company’s success. Leaders need to address the importance of open communications within the organization. Active listening, questioning, and placing emphasis on verbal and written communications between management and subordinates guarantees the company stays on track with the organization’s goal. Recognizing individuals and team differences will help the leader achieve a successful career with the organization. To build trust, the person in charge should be open to communication, be honest and hold integrity, be a risk taker, problem solver, and be able to face reality. Also, another factor that can be included in being a good leader can be the willingness to be open to diversity and a one that sets good ethical competency. It is the leader that will guide an organization to success. â€Å"Allan’s style is pretty relentless,† said the chief financial officer Lewis Booth His look is confident, disciplined, have the desire to succeed and very determined (Hellriegel Scolum, 2011). He filled five binders with information he collected from interviewing to set plan for Ford Motor. Communication is the key aspect for him, he wants everyone in the company to know what is going on, what the company goal is, how to reach that goal, the position that the company is in, and the fields that need specific awareness. Because of his openness, Mulally gained many support from his employees and built trust. Mulally created cards that were written the four goals on one side and the meaning of the company on the other side to let everyone know what his intentions were. Allan Mulally is a very hands on leader, he expects weekly or sometimes daily updates of all the components of the company. Ford needed someone to point out what needed to be done and how it could be done. Alan Mulally set a goal to increase the sales by 2011 and he developed ways to accomplish that goal. One of his goals was to have Ford sustain its independence and not be taken over by the government. His target was small cars that were fuel efficient and electric cars rather than big trucks, bring up brand new Taurus to build brand, differentiate itself from it competitors, and take the company globally. He made sure that everyone in the firm knew these goals and how to reach the goals. Ford has picked up sales by 25% and is 1. 4 points on market share, where the two of its competitors lost. Allan Mulally made sure that everyone was involved in every operation that was taking place in the organization and that everyone understood the goals. He built trust by communicating with his employees and by being open. There were no secrets at Ford, everyone knew the plan. At Ford, the 12 functional departments and Mulally himself held meetings on every Thursday. In the meeting Mulally wants to know everything and he involves everyone from manufacturing to human resource to participate. His intentions were to communicate and be able to open about the problems that had occurred and find ways to work on it. I think Allan Mulally’s leadership style is very effective because I believe in communication and the involvement of everyone from every field of a company. By being open and communicating with his employees, he built trust, respect, and motivated his employees. He’s also a risk taker, passionate or very driven and a strong person. He set goals to achieve and he managed to find ways achieve those goals. I think, he definitely should continue with his style of leadership. How to cite Alan Mulally Ford Motor Company, Papers

Alan Mulally Ford Motor Company Free Essays

The content of this paper is to outline the roles of leadership and how it affects organizational performance. It then discusses the role of Allan Mulally’s, CEO of Ford Motor Company, leadership style. The paper also presents how Mulally’s decision to set a goal increased the company’s performance and mentioning how Allan Mulally’s openness has gained him trust and helped him to reach his goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Alan Mulally Ford Motor Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally, my point of view on the impact of Mulally’s leadership style and how it effects the organization. Leadership is guiding people toward productive results to achieve the goals of the organization. An effective leader has the ability to motivate and influence others. Leadership influences organizational performance depending on the level to which the leader enables managers and team leaders to plan, organize, control, and act effectively. By accepting authority, responsibility, and accountability, managers can confidently face though situations that require decisions made. Faced with an overwhelmingly complex situation, Alan Mulally has been brought in as Ford Motor Company’s new president and CEO. As diverse global dynamics confront the company and competitive pressures continue to build, he has the challenging task of improving Ford’s brand image and returning the company to profitability. Mulally has invited your consulting firm to advise his management team on restoring the company’s reputation and viability. Leaders significantly influence organization’s success, they must have the ability to develop new ideas, use that idea to set goals, and develop ways to achieve those goals. They must have aspiration to build vision, values, and goals, in order to accomplish great performance. Leaders have the talent to influence other people in order to have them follow him or her and have the ability to motivate the employees. They need to be able to be flexible to changes in its environment like demands, expectations, and pressure. A good leader builds trust, develop opportunities for the employees grow, get them encouraged, listen to employees, and bring up the best of them. By valuing and respecting cultural differences at work, leaders may avoid the negative stereotypes that can affect the company’s success. Leaders need to address the importance of open communications within the organization. Active listening, questioning, and placing emphasis on verbal and written communications between management and subordinates guarantees the company stays on track with the organization’s goal. Recognizing individuals and team differences will help the leader achieve a successful career with the organization. To build trust, the person in charge should be open to communication, be honest and hold integrity, be a risk taker, problem solver, and be able to face reality. Also, another factor that can be included in being a good leader can be the willingness to be open to diversity and a one that sets good ethical competency. It is the leader that will guide an organization to success. â€Å"Allan’s style is pretty relentless,† said the chief financial officer Lewis Booth His look is confident, disciplined, have the desire to succeed and very determined (Hellriegel Scolum, 2011). He filled five binders with information he collected from interviewing to set plan for Ford Motor. Communication is the key aspect for him, he wants everyone in the company to know what is going on, what the company goal is, how to reach that goal, the position that the company is in, and the fields that need specific awareness. Because of his openness, Mulally gained many support from his employees and built trust. Mulally created cards that were written the four goals on one side and the meaning of the company on the other side to let everyone know what his intentions were. Allan Mulally is a very hands on leader, he expects weekly or sometimes daily updates of all the components of the company. Ford needed someone to point out what needed to be done and how it could be done. Alan Mulally set a goal to increase the sales by 2011 and he developed ways to accomplish that goal. One of his goals was to have Ford sustain its independence and not be taken over by the government. His target was small cars that were fuel efficient and electric cars rather than big trucks, bring up brand new Taurus to build brand, differentiate itself from it competitors, and take the company globally. He made sure that everyone in the firm knew these goals and how to reach the goals. Ford has picked up sales by 25% and is 1. 4 points on market share, where the two of its competitors lost. Allan Mulally made sure that everyone was involved in every operation that was taking place in the organization and that everyone understood the goals. He built trust by communicating with his employees and by being open. There were no secrets at Ford, everyone knew the plan. At Ford, the 12 functional departments and Mulally himself held meetings on every Thursday. In the meeting Mulally wants to know everything and he involves everyone from manufacturing to human resource to participate. His intentions were to communicate and be able to open about the problems that had occurred and find ways to work on it. I think Allan Mulally’s leadership style is very effective because I believe in communication and the involvement of everyone from every field of a company. By being open and communicating with his employees, he built trust, respect, and motivated his employees. He’s also a risk taker, passionate or very driven and a strong person. He set goals to achieve and he managed to find ways achieve those goals. I think, he definitely should continue with his style of leadership. How to cite Alan Mulally Ford Motor Company, Papers

The Business to Technological Processes

In every organization, profit maximization and cost minimization is the contribution of all the organization’s departments/divisions. This is only achieved if there is maximum cooperation of all the divisional heads involved.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Business to Technological Processes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The business process department and the reengineering department need to cooperate and work out various projects of an organization effectively. The two departments depend on each other for the success of the firm in the business environment. While the business process department is responsible for development of a given product, the reengineering department is responsible for providing the best technology that can develop the required product. As noted by McKeen and Smith (2009), designing of a new product that fits into the needs of customers is not enough as there is need f or the redesigning and development of the product using the best techniques. The reengineering department is responsible for innovation and establishment of a competitive advantage in technology. The technology should be the best in the market for attainment of a completive advantage. The establishment of the business processes requires focus on a given market by the firm using the generic strategy as put forward by Porter. In an organization, one can design a good chocolate product for young children under the age of ten years. The chocolate is comprised of various components that meet the things that children seek in chocolate such as enough sugar, flavor, color and taste among others (Gunasekaran Kobu, 2002). These are the ingredients that the business process can come up with and deliver them to the reengineering department.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reen gineering department is responsible for establishing the best technology that can combine the ingredients in the best manner possible to produce the highest quality chocolate for children aged below ten years (McKeen Smith, 2009). The decision on the best technology would be done by the reengineering department. In addition, the two departments must work together with the other departments such as the marketing department to come up with the best marketing strategy for the firm. This involves establishment of the best adverts that can increase awareness of the product to the targeted group. For instance, the broadcast media is the best type of media to advertise the new product since it has the visual that is significant for the children. The ability of the marketing department to come up with the right feedback concerning the chocolate is significant in the reengineering process since an organization can only reengineer what is good for the customer (Pearlson Saunders, 2010). Bus iness Process Reengineering The modern business environment is characterized by change, increased competition and increasing significance of customers. These factors are offering firms with many challenges to meet their objectives and they have no choice but to embrace new technologies that can enable them meet their objectives. According to McKeen and Smith (2009), business process reengineering is one of the solutions to the issues that many companies are currently facing. Business process reengineering is a fundamental rethinking and redesigning the process of an organization with the aim of achieving dramatic improvement in critical measures of performance for firms.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Business to Technological Processes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The processes require that firms go back to the roots of processing their products and reexamine new ways of making the product better while maintaining the quality. There is no need for small improvements. An organization needs to carry out total reinvention to come up with a new quality product. The major focus for reengineering should be the needs of the customers. An organization can only be as effective as its processes and therefore new technologies should always be incorporated in the manufacturing process. Successful Application of Business Process Reengineering at Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is a dominant retailer in the U.S. as it has many of its stores located in many locations in the country. The retailer applied business process reengineering in order to improve on its competitive advantage, meet the needs of its customers while at the same time meet its organizational objectives of maximizing profit through cost minimization (Muthu, et al. 1999). The firm implemented a new technology that had just been unveiled. The electronic commerce was implemented by Wal-Mart in the 1980s through a half a billion dollar pro ject that saw the activities of the organization automated through computers and satellite communication network. Other new technologies acquired by the organization were the bar code systems, scanners and equipment that inked the point of sale terminal to the distribution centers and the headquarters of the organization (McKeen Smith, 2009).Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The acquisition of this new system changed the manner in which Wal-Mart conducted its business as the firm reengineered the entire supply chain. According to Lucas (2005), the sales of the company had exploded and there was need for a new system that could manage the large number of customers. The new technologies improved the timing of the customers since the services offered were fast. High service levels were maintained with increased sales being realized. The cost of inventory was reduced drastically by 75%. BPR as was applied in Wal-Mart empowered the firm to authorize its individual stores to make orders directly from overseas suppliers thereby reducing the restocking time from six weeks to 36 hours. The stores of the firm were well stocked since the firm was able to track all sales through point of sale system. In addition, process reengineering led to maintenance of tight inventories and low prices (Chiplunkar, Chattopadhyay Deshmukh, 2003). From the perspective of the mode rn business, it is important that an organization takes stock of its capabilities and reinvents its processes using advanced technology. These reengineering processes have benefits not only to the firm, but to its management because the firm would be able to maintain its competitive edge hence maintain its dominant position in the industry. However, maximization of the benefits of BPR requires that the firm constantly reviews its processes in relation to advanced technologies in the market that can improve it further. In addition, this could be checked in line with meeting the customers’ needs (Kalakota Whinston, 1997). Poor application of BPR A UK based firm employed BPR in its processes with the aim of improving customer relationship management. The management of the firm was of the idea that it should develop strategies that can improve management of its customers through adoption of new information technologies. With the goals having been set, the project began with the firm redesigning the entire customer management system including the customer complaints handling section. The successful reengineering of the process was completed, tested and handed to the firm. However, complaints emerged of compatibility of the system. It was discovered that the failure of the process was because the system reengineering process had been done in isolation with the information technology in the firm and the IT personnel had less influence on the overall reengineering work sine it had been designed by the top management. The problem of miscommunication emerged and it cost the firm a new system (Weerakkody Curre, 2003). References Chiplunkar, C., Chattopadhyay,R. Deshmukh, S. (2003). Application of principles of event related open systems to business process reengineering. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 45(3), 347-374. Gunasekaran, A. Kobu, B. (2002). Modeling and analysis of business process reengineering. International Journal of Production Research, 40 (11), 2521-2546. Kalakota, R. Whinston, A. (1997). Electronic Commerce: A Manager’s Guide. London: Addison-Wesley Professional. Lucas, H. (2005). Information Technology: Strategic decision making for managers. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. McKeen, J. Smith, H. (2009). IT Strategy in action. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Muthu, S. et al. (1999). Business process reengineering: a consolidated Methodology. Web. Pearlson, K. Saunders, C. (2010). Managing and using information systems. (4 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Weerakkody, V. Curre, W. (2003). Integrating Business Process Reengineering with Information Systems Development: Issues Implications. Web. This coursework on The Business to Technological Processes was written and submitted by user Nathalie Mercado to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Earthquakes and Moving Plates essays

Earthquakes and Moving Plates essays One day in my freshman year biology class, I felt the ground moving as if there has been an explosion. Soon after, I was under the table feeling like I was on a boat out in the sea. Despite the feeling of seasickness I was excited and felt privileged to experience the earthquake since it was something very rare. From that moment, how the earthquakes occur and what makes them vary from place to place came to my close attention. However, because of the devastating aftermath of earthquakes, sometimes it is very easy to ignore the real cause of the earthquakes but rather focus on the damage caused by the earthquakes. It is important to understand both the cause of an earthquake and how it affects human life as well as how to be prepared in order to minimize the harm. Many people are aware or heard of plate tectonics and its impact on the world. In fact, the plate tectonic is the main driving force for earthquakes occurring around the world. Then, it is crucial to understand how the moving plates generate earthquakes. The earth's surface, lithosphere, is a rigid shell, and underneath the lithosphere, there is a hot asthenosphere which "finds a weak place in the lithosphere to rise" (Louie 1). This convection process allows the lithosphere to move. In some cases, the continuously moving plates spread apart from each other, push against each other, or slide along next to each other, creating a fault (Lassieur 19). When the plates move toward each other, such as southern Alaska where the Pacific plate is subducting underneath the North American plate, the Earth's largest earthquakes, the 1964 Alaskan earthquake for example, are generally formed (A.S.G. 1). Usually, plates that are moving away from each other are situated in the deep oceans and generate relatively shallow earthquakes (A.S.G. 2). In cases of the plates sliding by each other, such as San Andreas fault in California, the movement may cause many damaging earthquakes. However,...

Understanding Si Clauses in French

Understanding 'Si' Clauses in French Si clauses or conditionals produce conditional sentences, with one clause stating a condition or possibility and a second clause naming a result produced by that condition. In English, such sentences are called if/then constructions. The French si, of course, means if in English. There is no equivalent for then per se in French conditional sentences. There are different types of si clauses, but they all have two things in common: The English result clause might be preceded by then, but there is no equivalent word preceding the French result clause. Si tu conduis, je paierai. If you drive, (then) Ill pay. The clauses can be in one of two orders: Either the  si clause is followed by the result clause, or the result clause is followed by the  si clause. Both work as long as the verb forms are paired correctly and si  is placed in front of the condition. Je paierai si tu conduis. Ill pay if you drive. Types of Si  Clauses Si  clauses are divided into types based on the likeliness of what is stated in the result clause: what does, will, would, or would have happened if....The first verb form listed for each type names the condition upon which the result depends; the result is indicated by the second verb form. First conditional: Likely / Potentiel   Present or present perfect present, future  or imperativeSecond conditional: Unlikely / Irrà ©el du prà ©sent Imperfect conditionalThird conditional: Impossible / Irrà ©el du passà © Pluperfect conditional perfect  Ã‚   These verb pairings are very specific: for example, in the second conditional, you can only use the imperfect in the si clause and the conditional in the result clause. Memorizing these pairings is probably the most difficult part of si clauses. Its important to memorize  the rules concerning the sequence of tenses. The term conditional here refers to the condition being named; it does not mean that the conditional mood is necessarily used in the conditional sentence. As shown above, the conditional mood is not used in the first conditional, and even in the second and third conditional, the conditional mood does not name the condition, but rather the result. First Conditional The first conditional refers to an if-then clause that names a likely situation and the result dependent upon it: something that happens or will happen if something else happens. The term conditional here refers to the condition being named; it does not mean that the  conditional mood  is necessarily used in the conditional sentence.  The conditional mood is not used in the first conditional. The first conditional is formed with the  present tense  or  present perfect  in the  si  clause, and one of three verb forms- present,  future, or  imperative- in the result clause.   Present Present This construction is used for things that happen regularly. The  si  in these sentences could probably be replaced by  quand  (when) with little or no difference in meaning. Sil pleut, nous ne sortons pas. / Nous ne sortons pas sil pleut. If it rains, we dont go out. / We dont go out if it rains.Si je ne veux pas lire, je regarde la tà ©là ©. / Je regarde la tà ©là © si je ne veux pas lire. If I dont want to read, I watch TV. / I watch TV if I dont want to read. Present Future The present future construction is used for events that are likely to occur. The present tense follows  si; it is the situation that is required before the other action will take place. Si jai  le temps, je le ferai. / Je le ferai si jai le temps. If I have time, I will do it. / I will do it if I have time.Si tu à ©tudies, tu rà ©ussiras lexamen. / Tu rà ©ussiras lexamen si tu à ©tudies. If you study, you will pass the test. / Youll pass the test if you study. Present Imperative This construction is used to give an order, assuming that the condition is met. The present tense follows  si; it is the situation that is required before the other action becomes a command. Si tu peux, viens me voir. / Viens me voir si tu peux. If you can, come see me. / Come see me if you can. (If you cant, then dont worry about it.)Si  vous  avez  de  largent,  payez  la facture. / Payez la facture si  vous  avez  de  largent. If you have money, pay the bill. / Pay the bill if you have money. (If you dont have any money, someone else will take care of it.) Passà © composà © Present, Future, or Imperative Si  clauses may also use the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  followed by the present, future, or imperative. These constructions are basically the same as above; the difference is that the condition is in the present perfect rather than the simple present. Si tu as fini, tu peux partir. / Tu peux partir si tu as fini. If you have finished, you can leave.Si tu nas pas fini, tu me le diras. / Tu me le diras si tu nas pas fini. If you havent finished, [you will] tell me.Si tu nas pas fini, dis-le-moi. / Dis-le-moi si tu nas pas fini. If you havent finished, tell me. Second Conditional   The second conditional* expresses something that is contrary to present fact or unlikely to occur: something that would  happen,  if something else happened. The term conditional here refers to the condition being named, not the  conditional mood. In the second conditional, the conditional mood is not used to name the condition itself, but rather the result. For the second conditional, use  si  Ã‚  imperfect  (stating the condition)   conditional  (stating what would happen). Si javais le temps, je le ferais. / Je le ferais si javais le temps. If I had time, I would do it. / I would do it if I had time. (Fact: I dont have time, but if I did [contrary to  fact], I would do it.)Si tu à ©tudiais,  tu  rà ©ussirais   lexamen. / Tu rà ©ussirais   lexamen  si  tu  Ãƒ ©tudiais. If you studied, you would pass the test. / You would pass the test if you studied. (Fact: You dont study, but if you did [unlikely to occur], you would pass the test.) Si  elle  vous  voyait,  elle  vous  aiderait./ Elle  vous  aiderait  si  elle  vous  voyait. If she saw you, she would help you. / She would help you if she saw you. (Fact: She doesnt see you so she isnt helping you [but if you get her attention, she will].) Third Conditional The third conditional* is a conditional sentence that expresses a hypothetical situation that is contrary to past fact: something that would have happened if something else had happened. The term conditional here refers to the condition being named, not the  conditional mood. In the third conditional, the conditional mood is not used to name the condition itself, but rather the result. To form the third conditional, use  si  Ã‚  pluperfect  (to explain what would have had to occur)   conditional perfect  (what would have been possible). Si javais eu le temps, je laurais fait. / Je laurais fait si javais eu le temps. If I had had time, I would have done it. / I would have done it if I had had time. (Fact: I didnt have time, so I didnt do it.)Si tu  avais  Ãƒ ©tudià ©,  tu  aurais  rà ©ussi   lexamen. / Tu  aurais  rà ©ussi   lexamen  si  tu  avais  Ãƒ ©tudià ©. If you had studied, you would have passed the test. / You would have passed the test if you had studied. (Fact: You didnt study, so you didnt pass the test.)Si  elle  vous  avait  vu,  elle  vous  aurait  aidà ©. / Elle  vous  aurait  aidà © si  elle  vous  avait  vu. If she had seen you, she would have helped you. / She would have helped you if she had seen you. (Fact: She didnt see you, so she didnt help you.) Literary Third Conditional In  literary  or other very formal French, both verbs in the pluperfect conditional perfect construction are replaced by the  second form of the conditional perfect. Si jeusse eu le temps, je leusse fait. / Je leusse fait si jeusse eu le temps. If I had had time, I would have done it.Si vous eussiez à ©tudià ©, vous eussiez rà ©ussi lexamen. / Vous eussiez rà ©ussi lexamen si vous eussiez à ©tudià ©. If you had studied, you would have passed the test.

Write a brief statement on why you would want to become a C.A.S.A Essay

Write a brief statement on why you would want to become a C.A.S.A volunteer - Essay Example The determination of time depends upon the status of the case since sometimes volunteers have to work harder than expected. As per calculation, one can expect to spend ten hours in a month.   To become C.A.S.A. volunteer, no special or otherwise background is essential. Once a volunteer becomes C.A.S.A. Volunteer, he will receive basic training related to a) courtroom procedures b) social services c) juvenile justice system besides the special needs of the deprived children. The required criterion for becoming C.A.S.A. volunteer is that he or she should be a) 21 years age b) willing to complete the assigned task c) completion of 30 hours pre service training d) available for court appearance with prior intimation and e) willing to commit to the C.A.S.A. C.A.S.A. volunteers are appointed by judges to advocate the best interest of the abused and neglected children, all of which requires me to apply for the

The Comparison of Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy in Brazil Essay

The Comparison of Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy in Brazil (1964) and Argentina (1976) - Essay Example The transition to democracy in Brazil was viewed as a form of liberalization as it was preoccupied with the process of legitimacy. The process of democracy was able to achieve various goals within the civil society. These achievements were later referred to as Brazilian miracle with the attainment of sustained economic growth and development (Stepan, 36) Unlike the Brazilian military era, the Argentine military era did not last for a long period as it collapsed as a result of various forms of divisions and incompetence. In this case the promise of liberation by the military regime failed to take off or deliver any tangible results. Major divisions were experienced in its ranks due to a weak power confidence leading to its down fall. The unity of the military was also in question and therefore was considered as a contributing factor to this failure in terms of transition from dictatorship to democratic type of governance (Pion-Berlin,